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List of duplicating processes
This is a partial list of text and image duplicating processes used in business and government from the Industrial Revolution forward. Some are mechanical and some are chemical. There is naturally some overlap with printing processes and photographic processes, but the challenge of precisely duplicating business letters, forms, contracts, and other paperwork prompted some unique solutions as well. There were many short-lived inventions along the way.
==Duplicating processes==
''Within each type, the methods are arranged in very rough chronological order.''
* Methods of copying handwritten letters
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* Manifold stylographic writer, using early "carbonic paper"
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* Letter copying book process
*Mechanical processes
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*Pantograph, manually operated, and can also enlarge or reduce the document
*Printmaking, which includes engraving and etching
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*Relief printing including woodcut
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*Intaglio (printmaking) or copperplate engraving
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*Planographic printing
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*Line engraving
* Printing/Applied ink methods
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* Letterpress printing (via printing press)
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* Gelatin methods (also ''indirect method'')
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*
* Hectograph
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*
* Collography, autocopyist
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*
* Chromograph, Copygraph, Polygraph
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* Flexography
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* Spirit duplicator (also ''Ditto machine'', ''Banda machine'')
* Lithographic processes
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* Transfer lithography
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* Anastatic lithography
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* Autographic process
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* Offset lithography
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* Photolithography
* Stencil-based copying methods
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* Papyrography
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* Electric pen, invented by Thomas Edison
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* Trypograph (also ''file plate process'')
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* Cyclostyle, Neostyle
* Stencil-based machines
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* Mimeograph (also ''Roneo'', ''Gestetner'')
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* Digital Duplicators (also called CopyPrinters, e.g., Riso and Gestetner)
* Typewriter-based copying methods
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* Carbon paper
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* Blueprint typewriter ribbon
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* Carbonless copy paper
* Photographic processes:
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* Reflex copying process (also ''reflectography'', ''reflexion copying'')
*
*
* Breyertype, Playertype, Manul Process, Typon Process, Dexigraph, Linagraph
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* Daguerreotype
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* Salt print
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* Calotype (the first photo process to use a negative, from which multiple prints could be made)
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* Cyanotype
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* Photostat machine
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* Rectigraph
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* Airgraph (also ''V-mail'')
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* Kodagraph autopositive paper
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* Kodagraph repro-negative paper
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* Diffusion transfer
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*
* Verifax, Copyproof
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*
* Photomechanical transfer (also ''PMT)
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* Duostat, duoprint
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* Retroflex (printing process)
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* Dual spectrum process
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* LightJet
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* Ozalid
* Chemical processes
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* Aniline process
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* Cyanotype (used for blueprints)
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* Diazotype (also ''whiteprint'', ''ammonia print'', or ''gas print'')
* Heat-sensitivity methods
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* Thermofax (also ''thermography'')
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* Eichner drycopy process
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* Adherography
* Electrostatic methods
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* Electrofax
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* Xerography, Photocopying
* Ultraviolet-sensitivity methods
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* APT process, for transferring drawings to animation cels
* Image scanning and digital printing
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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